Establishing Zion:
The Mormon Church in the American West, 1847-1869

Eugene E. Campbell

Signature Books; Salt Lake City, Utah
© 1988 by Signature Books.

Table of Contents:

Publisher's Foreword Introduction Bibliography Chapter 1. Colonizing the Basin Chapter 2. Survival Chapter 3. The Lure of California Gold Chapter 4. The Inner Colonies Chapter 5. The Outer Colonies Chapter 6. The Mormons and the Indians—Ideals versus Realities Chapter 7. Indian Missions and Farms Chapter 8. Pioneer Economics Chapter 9. Church Organizational Development Chapter 10. Religious Doctrines and Practices Chapter 11. The Mormon Reformation Chapter 12. Beginnings of Civil Government Chapter 13. Church versus State Chapter 14. The Utah War Chapter 15. New Colonization—North and South Chapter 16. Economic and Religious Developments, 1858-67 Chapter 17. The Civil War Years Chapter 18. The Kingdom Threatened Chapter 19. The Establishment of Zion in Retrospect Author

Bibliography

Unless otherwise noted, all unpublished manuscripts are housed in the archives of the Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah.

"Acts of the Twelve Apostles, 1849-1870." Unpub. ms.

———Allen, James B. "Ecclesiastical Influence on Local Government in the Territory of Utah." Arizona and the West 8 (Spring 1966): 35-48.

———, and Glen M. Leonard. The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976.

Anderson, Nels. Desert Saints: The Mormon Frontier in Utah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.

Arrington, Leonard J. "The Deseret Telegraph—A Church-Owned Public Utility." Journal of Economic History 11 (Spring 1951): 117-39.

———. "Taming the Turbulent Sevier: A Story of Mormon Desert Conquest." Western Humanities Review 5 (Autumn 1951): 393-406.

———. "Iron Manufacturing in Southern Utah in the Early 1880's: The Iron Manufacturing Company of Utah." Bulletin of the Business Historical Society 25 (Sept. 1951): 149-68.

———. "The Settlement of Brigham Young's Estate, 1877-1879." Pacific Historical Review 21 (Feb. 1952): 1-20.

———. "The Provo Woolen Mills: Utah's First Large Manufacturing Establishment." Utah Historical Quarterly 21 (April 1953): 97-116.

———. "Objectives of Mormon Economic Policy." Western Humanities Review 10 (Spring 1956): 180-85.

———. "Planning an Iron Industry for Utah, 1851-1858." Huntington Library Quarterly 21 (May 1958): 237-60.

[p.334] ———. Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.

———. "Religion and Economics in Mormon History." Brigham Young University Studies 3 (Spring/Summer 1961): 15-33.

———. From Wilderness to Empire: The Role of Utah in Western Economic History. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Institute of American Studies, 1961.

———. The Changing Economic Structure of the Mountain West, 1850-1950. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1963.

———. "The Mormons and the Indians, A Review and Evaluation." The Record (Friends of the Library, Washington State University, Pullman) 31 (1970): 5-29.

———. Charles C. Rich: Mormon General and Western Frontiersman. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1974.

———, Feramorz Y. Fox, and Dean L. May. Building the City of God: Community and Cooperation Among the Mormons. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976.

———, and Ronald K. Esplin. "Building a Commonwealth: The Secular Leadership of Brigham Young." Utah Historical Quarterly 45 (Summer 1977): 216-32.

———, and Davis Bitton. The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of Utah, 1540-1886. 1889; reprint ed., Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1964.

Barrett, Gwynn W. "Dr. John M. Bernhisel: Mormon Elder in Congress." Utah Historical Quarterly 36 (Spring 1968): 143-67.

Barrett, Ivan J. "History of the Cotton Mission and Cotton Culture in Utah." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1947.

Baumgarten, James N. "The Role and Function of the Seventies in L.D.S. Church History." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1960.

Bean, George Washington. Autobiography of George Washington Bean, a Utah Pioneer of 1847, and his Family Records. Flora D. B. Horne, comp. Salt Lake City: Utah Printing Co., 1945.

Beecher, Dale F. The Office of Bishop: An Example of Organizational Development in the Church. Task Papers in LDS History, No. 21. Salt Lake City: Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1978.

Bergera, Gary James. "The Orson Pratt-Brigham Young Controversies: Conflict Within the Quorums, 1853 to 1868." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 13 (Summer 1980): 7-49.

Bigler, Henry. Diary.

Boyle, Henry G. Journal. Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Brooks, Juanita. The Mountain Meadows Massacre. 1950; new ed., Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

[p.335] ———, ed. On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844-1861. 2 vols. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press/ Utah State Historical Society, 1964.

———. John Doyle Lee: Zealot, Pioneer Builder, Scapegoat. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1972.

Brown, James. Life of a Pioneer, Being the Autobiography of James Brown. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons, 1900.

Brown, Thomas D. Journal of the Southern [Utah] Indian Mission: Diary of Thomas D. Brown. Juanita Brooks, ed. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1972.

Buerger, David John. "The Adam-God Doctrine." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 15 (Spring 1982): 14-58.

Bullock, Thomas. Journal and papers. Unpub. mss.

Burton, Richard F. The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California. Fawn M. Brodie, ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963.

Campbell, Bruce L., and Eugene E. Campbell. "Early Cultural and Intellectual Development." In Poll et al. 1978, 295-316.

———. "Pioneer Society." In Poll et al. 1978, 275-294.

Campbell, Eugene E. "A History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in California, 1846-1946." Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 1952.

———. "Authority Conflicts in the Mormon Battalion." Brigham Young University Studies 8 (Winter 1968): 127-42.

———. "Brigham Young's Outer Cordon: A Reappraisal." Utah Historical Quarterly 41 (Summer 1973): 220-53.

———. "Early Colonizing Patterns." In Poll et al. 1978, 133-152.

———. "Governmental Beginnings." In Poll et al. 1978, 153-174.

———. "The Mormon Migrations to Utah." In Poll et al. 1978, 113-132.

Cannon, George Q. "Twenty Years Ago. A Sketch." Juvenile Instructor 4 (1869): passim.

Christian, Lewis Clark. "A Study of the Mormon Westward Migration Between February, 1846, and July, 1847, with Emphasis On and Evaluation of the Factors that Led to the Mormons' Choice of Salt Lake Valley as the Site of Their Initial Colony." Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, 1976.

Clark, James R. "The Kingdom of God, the Council of Fifty, and the State of Deseret." Utah Historical Quarterly 26 (April 1958): 130-48.

Clayton, William. William Clayton's Journal. Salt Lake City: Clayton Family Association, 1921.

Coates, Lawrence G. "Mormons and Social Change Among the Shoshoni, 1853-1900." Idaho Yesterdays 15 (Winter 1972): 2-11.

Cowley, Matthias. Wilford Woodruff. Salt Lake City: The Deseret News Press, 1909.

Creer, Leland H. The Founding of an Empire: The Exploration and Colonization of Utah, 1776-1856. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1947.

[p.336] ———. "The Evolution of Government in Early Utah." Utah Historical Quarterly 27 (January 1958): 23-42.

Daughters of Utah Pioneers. History of Tooele County. Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1961.

Dibble, Charles E. "The Mormon Mission to the Shoshoni Indians." Utah Humanities Review 1 (January, April, July 1947): 53-73, 166-77, 279-93.

Draper, Richard D. "Babylon in Zion: The LDS Concept of Zion as a Cause for Mormon-Gentile Conflict, 1846-1857." M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1974.

Egan, Howard. Pioneering the West, 1846 to 1878. Richmond, UT: Howard R. Egan Estate, 1917.

Ellsworth, S. George. Utah's Heritage. Santa Barbara, CA: Peregrine Smith, 1972.

Furniss, Norman F. The Mormon Conflict, 1850-1859. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.

Gates, Susa Young. "From Impulsive Girl to Patient Wife: Lucy Bigelow Young." Utah Historical Quarterly 45 (Summer 1977): 270-88.

Gowans, Fred R., and Eugene E. Campbell. Fort Bridger: Island in the Wilderness. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1975.

———. Fort Supply: Brigham Young's Green River Experiment. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1976.

Hafen, LeRoy R. "Handcarts to Utah, 1856-1860." Utah Historical Quarterly 24 (October 1956): 309-17.

———, and Ann W. Hafen, eds. The Utah Expedition, 1857-58: A Documentary Account. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clarke, 1958.

———. Handcarts to Zion: The Story of a Unique Western Migration, 1856-1860. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1960.

Hansen, Klaus J. Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967.

Hartley, William. "Mormons, Crickets, and Gulls: A New Look at an Old Story." Utah Historical Quarterly 38 (Summer 1970): 224-39.

Hefner, Loretta Lea. "The Apostasy of Amasa Mason Lyman." M.A. thesis, University of Utah, 1977.

Hilton, Lynn M., ed. The Story of Salt Lake Stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; 125 Year History, 1847-1972. Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Stake, 1972.

Historians' Office Journal and Letterpress Books. Unpub. mss.

Holbrook, Joseph. Diary; typescript. Copy in author's possession.

Hubbard, George U. "Abraham Lincoln as Seen by the Mormons." Utah Historical Quarterly 31 (Spring 1963): 91-108.

Hunter, Milton R. Brigham Young the Colonizer. 3rd ed. Independence, MO: Zion's Printing and Publishing Co., 1945.

Hyde, John, Jr. Mormonism: Its Leaders and Designs. New York: W. P. Fetridge & Co., 1857.

[p.337] Irving, Gordon. "The Law of Adoption: One Phase of the Development of the Mormon Concept of Salvation, 1830-1900." Brigham Young University Studies 14 (Spring 1974): 291-314.

Ivins, Stanley S. "Notes on Mormon Polygamy." Western Humanities Review 10 (Summer 1956): 229-39.

Jackson, Donald, and Mary Lee Spence, eds. The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont. 2 vols. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970-73.

Jackson, Richard H. "Righteousness and Environmental Change: The Mormons and the Environment." Essays on the American West, 1973-74. Provo, UT: Charles Redd Center, 1975, pp. 21-42.

———. "The Mormon Village: Genesis and Antecedents of the City of Zion Plan." Brigham Young University Studies 17 (Winter 1977): 223-40.

———, ed. The Mormon Role in the Settlement of the West. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978.

Jenson, Andrew. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia. 4 vols. Salt Lake City: Andrew Jenson History Company, 1901-36.

Jessee, Dean C., ed. Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1974.

Journal History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Unpublished daily history of the Mormon church.

Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. London and Liverpool: Latter-day Saints' Book Depot, 1855-86.

Koritz, Alvin Charles. "The Development of Municipal Government in the Territory of Utah." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1972.

Larson, Andrew Karl. "I Was Called to Dixie": The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences in Mormon Pioneering. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1961.

Larson, Gustive O. Prelude to the Kingdom: A Mormon Desert Conquest, a Chapter in American Cooperative Experience. Francestown, NH: Marshall Jones Co., 1947.

———. "The Mormon Reformation." Utah Historical Quarterly 26 (Jan. 1958): 45-63.

———. Outline History of Utah and the Mormons. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1958.

———. "Utah and the Civil War." Utah Historical Quarterly 33 (Winter 1965): 55-77.

———. "Government, Politics, and Conflict." In Poll et al. 1978, 243-256.

———. "The Mormon Gathering." In Poll et al. 1978, 175-192.

Lee, John D. Journals. Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, and Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah.

———. A Mormon Chronicle: The Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848-1876. 2 vols. Robert Glass Cleland and Juanita Brooks, eds. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1955.

Lobb, Ann Vest, and Jill Mulvay Derr. "Women in Early Utah." In Poll et al. 1978, 337-356.

[p.338] Lyon, T. Edgar. "Nauvoo and the Council of the Twelve." F. Mark McKiernan et al., eds., The Restoration Movement: Essays in Mormon History (Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press, 1973), pp. 167-206.

———, and Glen M. Leonard. "The Churches in the Territory." In Poll et al. 1978, 317-336.

Markham, Stephen. "Report." In Neff 1945.

May, Dean L. "Economic Beginnings." In Poll et al. 1978, 193-216.

———. "Towards a Dependent Commonwealth." In Poll et al. 1978, 217-242.

Melville, J. Keith. Highlights in Mormon Political History. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1967.

Miscellaneous Minutes Collection. Brigham Young Papers.

Morgan, Dale L. A History of Ogden. Ogden, UT: Ogden City Commission, 1940.

———. "The State of Deseret." Utah Historical Quarterly 8 (April, July, October 1940): 65-239.

———. The Great Salt Lake. 1947; reprint ed., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973.

Neff, Andrew L. History of Utah, 1847-1869. Edited by Leland H. Creer. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1940.

Nelson, Lowry. The Mormon Village: A Pattern and Technique of Land Settlement. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1952.

Nibley, Preston. Exodus to Greatness: The Story of the Mormon Migration. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1947.

O'Neil, Floyd, and Stanford J. Layton. "Of Pride and Politics: Brigham Young as Indian Superintendent." Utah Historical Quarterly 46 (Summer 1978): 236-50.

Orme, Michael. "The Causes of the Mormon Reformation of 1856-57." Tangents III, Spring 1975, 15-43.

Page, Albert R. "Orson Hyde and the Carson Valley Mission, 1855-1857." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1970.

Palmer, Grant H. "The Godbeite Movement: A Dissent Against Temporal Control." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1968.

Papanikolas, Helen, ed. The Peoples of Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1976.

Patrick, John R. "The School of the Prophets: Its Development and Influence in Utah Territory." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1970.

Peterson, Charles S. "The Hopis and the Mormons, 1858-1873." Utah Historical Quarterly 39 (Spring 1971): 179-94.

———. "Jacob Hamblin, Apostle to the Lamanites, and the Indian Mission." Journal of Mormon History 2 (1975): 21-34.

———. Utah: A Bicentennial History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977. Peterson, Paul H. "An Historical Analysis of the Word of Wisdom." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1972.

———. "The Mormon Reformation." Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, 1981.

[p.339] Poll, Richard D. "The Mormon Question Enters National Politics, 1850-1856." Utah Historical Quarterly 25 (April 1957): 117-31.

———, Thomas G. Alexander, Eugene E. Campbell, David E. Miller, eds. Utah's History. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978.

Pratt, Orson. "Interesting Items Concerning the Journeying of the Latter-Day Saints from the City of Nauvoo, until Their Location in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. (Extracted from the Private Journal of Orson Pratt.)" Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star 11-12 (1849-50): passim.

———. Papers. Unpub. mss.

Pratt, Parley P. Papers. Archives, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

President's Office Journal.

Pulsipher, John. Journal.

Quinn, D. Michael. "Organizational Development and Social Origins of the Mormon Hierarchy, 1832-1932: A Prosopographical Study." M.A. thesis, University of Utah, 1973.

———. "The Evolution of the Presiding Quorums of the LDS Church." Journal of Mormon History 1 (1974): 21-38.

———. "The Mormon Hierarchy, 1832-1932: An American Elite." Ph.D. Diss., Yale University, 1976.

———. "The Mormon Succession Crisis of 1844." Brigham Young University Studies 16 (Winter 1976): 187-233.

———. "The Practice of Rebaptism at Nauvoo." Brigham Young University Studies 18 (Winter 1978): 226-32.

Reinwand, Louis G. "An Interpretive Study of Mormon Millennialism During the Nineteenth Century with Emphasis on Millennial Developments in Utah." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1971.

Remy, Jules, and Julius Brenchley. A Journey to Great-Salt-Lake City. 2 vols. 1861; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1971.

Rich, Charles C. Papers.

Rich, Russell R. "History of the Latter-day Saint Settlement of the Bear Lake Valley, 1863-1900." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1948.

———. Ensign to the Nations: A History of the Church from 1846 to the Present. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1972.

Ricks, Joel E. Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1964.

Roberts, B. H. A Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Century 1. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1930.

Rogers, Samuel. Journal. Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Salt Lake City Stake. High Council Minutes.

Schindler, Harold. Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1966.

[p.340] Searle, Howard C. "The Mormon Reformation of 1856-1857." M.A. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1956.

Sessions, Gene A. Mormon Thunder: A Documentary History of Jedediah Morgan Grant. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

Smith, Joseph Fielding. Essentials in Church History. 26th ed. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1973.

Steele, John. "Extracts from the Journal of John Steele." Utah Historical Quarterly 6 (Jan. 1933): 2-28.

Stegner, Wallace. The Gathering of Zion: The Story of the Mormon Trail. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.

Taylor, John. Journal. B. H. Roberts Papers.

Taylor, P. A. M. "Early Mormon Loyalty and the Leadership of Brigham Young." Utah Historical Quarterly 30 (Spring 1962): 102-32.

———, and Leonard J. Arrington. "Religion and Planning in the Far West: The First Generation of Mormons in Utah." Economic History Review 11 (Aug. 1958): 71-86.

Taylor, Samuel W. The Kingdom or Nothing: The Life of John Taylor, Militant Mormon. New York: Macmillan, 1976.

Tullidge, Edward W. The History of Salt Lake City and Its Founders. Salt Lake City: E. W. Tullidge, 1886.

Tyler, Daniel. A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-47. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Press, 1881.

Tyler, S. Lyman. "The Indians in Utah Territory." In Poll et al. 1978, 357-370.

Walker, Ronald W. "The Commencement of the Godbeite Protest: Another View." Utah Historical Quarterly 42 (Summer 1974): 217-44.

Watson, Eldon J., ed. Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-1847. Salt Lake City: Eldon J. Watson, 1971.

West, Ray B. Kingdom of the Saints: The Story of Brigham Young and the Mormons. New York: Viking Press, 1957.

Whitney, Orson F. History of Utah. 4 vols. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons, 1892-1904.

Wood, Joseph S. "The Mormon Settlement in San Bernardino, 1851-57." Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1967.

Woodruff, Wilford. Journal. Also in Scott G. Kenney, ed., Wilford Woodruff's Journals, 9 vols. Midvale, Utah: Signature Books, 1983-85.

Young, Brigham. Office journal and papers.

———, et al. "Manuscript History of Brigham Young."

Young, Kimball. Isn't One Wife Enough? New York: Henry Holt, 1954.

Young, Levi Edgar. The Founding of Utah. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1923.

Young, Lorenzo Dow. "Journal." Utah Historical Quarterly 14 (1946): 133-70. (Entries from April 1846 to September 1847 are by his wife Harriet.)

Yurtinus, John. "A Ram in the Thicket: The Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War." Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, 1975.